The Young Turk Revolution of 1908 restricted the authority of the Sultan and restored the Ottoman Parliament after a 30-year suspension, ushering the empire into a multi-party period. Mahmud II started a period of modernisation in the early 19th century. From the late 18th century onwards, the empire's power declined with a gradual loss of territories. During the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire became a global power. After Mehmed II conquered Constantinople (Istanbul) in 1453, Ottoman expansion continued under Selim I. Beginning in the late 13th century, the Ottomans united the principalities and conquered the Balkans, and the Turkification of Anatolia increased during the Ottoman period. The Seljuk Turks began migrating in the 11th century, and the Sultanate of Rum ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243, when it disintegrated into small Turkish principalities. Following the conquests of Alexander the Great which started the Hellenistic period, most of the ancient regions in modern Turkey were culturally Hellenised, which continued during the Byzantine era. One of the world's earliest permanently settled regions, present-day Turkey was home to important Neolithic sites like Göbekli Tepe, and was inhabited by ancient civilisations such as the Hattians, other Anatolian peoples and Mycenaean Greeks. Turkey's capital is Ankara, while its largest city and financial centre is Istanbul (the imperial capital until 1923). Turks form the vast majority of the nation's population and Kurds are the largest minority. It shares borders with Greece and Bulgaria to the northwest the Black Sea to the north Georgia to the northeast Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iran to the east Iraq to the southeast Syria and the Mediterranean Sea to the south and the Aegean Sea to the west. Turkey ( Turkish: Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Turkey, is a transcontinental country located mainly on the peninsula of Anatolia in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on East Thrace in Southeast Europe.
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